Columbus and the truth behind the legend

When a group of people are different from us their way of living Is wrong. That Is what it seems to come down to when most conflicts in history are broken down. Men vs.. Women. Hippies vs.. Government officials. Blacks vs.. Whites. Jews vs.. , well, everyone. All kidding aside it is very true. When Columbus first arrived in the Americas in 1492 he wrote, speaking of the Native Americans, â€Å"They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features†¦.They do not bear arms, and do not know hem, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane†¦. They would make fine servants†¦. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. † Just because they were kind and offered gifts to the new comers Instead of only suspicion, as his culture was use to always doing with strange people, he thought them Inferior and easily controlled. Later on he obvious ly finds out that It Is not as simple as he thought.Yes he took control but he also lost a lot of them due to illness, rebellion, and massacres. Native Americans thought of the Europeans culture to be barbaric and distrustful. Some of the tribes didn't take to the intruders as well as other tribes did. They took some time getting organized due to tribes usually fighting against each other but by the sass, according to West Virginia Archive & History, a Confederacy was created. The Iroquois Confederacy. They fought to get their land back. Did they win? Obviously not. But they didn't go down without a eight.Afro Americans had a big issue as well when they first arrived in the Americas. In 1619 when the first â€Å"slaves† arrived, even though they weren't labeled as slaves at this time, they were automatically considered Inferior to the white Europeans simply because they were of a darker skin and a different culture. They thought them uncivilized even though back In Africa the y had, at the time, a longer living civilization even than to the mother lands themselves. But the African culture believed their servants to be equals.Some even had them join the family through marriage. Sadly in the Americas they treated them as dirt. Both the African â€Å"servants† and the European servants. A good one to compare is the privileged Europeans and the Europeans sent over to the Americas to simply work for 2-7 years as a servant and then maybe make a name for themselves. Just because they were different not by skin color, not by culture, but by status alone. Even with something so small the upper Europeans act as if the other Europeans are from a different world ND outcast them.Just in the beginning of America's history the very simply truth is that the human race Is afraid of anything different. Change Is something that goes against our very nature so Instead of compromising with people that we meet that are different from us we simply cast them out as If th ey are plagued with something other than another view or opinion than our own. It is sad to think what the discovery to expanding their minds and accepting the Native Americans instead of destroying them for being â€Å"uncivilized†.

Locke, Berkeley & Hume

Locke, Berkeley & Hume Enlightenment began with an unparalleled confidence in human reason. The new science's success in making clear the natural world through Locke, Berkeley, and Hume affected the efforts of philosophy in two ways. The first is by locating the basis of human knowledge in the human mind and its encounter with the physical world. Second is by directing philosophy's attention to an analysis of the mind that was capable of such cognitive success. John Locke set the tone for enlightenment by affirming the foundational principle of empiricism: There is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses. Locke could not accept the Cartesian rationalist belief in innate ideas. According to Locke, all knowledge of the world must ultimately rest on man's sensory experience. The mind arrives at sound conclusions through reflection after sensation. In other words the mind combines and compounds sensory impressions or ideas into more complex concepts building it's conceptual understanding. There was skepticism in the empiricist position mainly from the rationalist orientation. Locke recognized there was no guarantee that all human ideas of things genuinely resembled the external objects they were suppose to represent. He also realized he could not reduce all complex ideas, such as substance, to sensations. He did know there were three factors in the process of human knowledge: the mind, the physical object, and the perception or idea in the mind that represents that object. Locke, however, attempted a partial solution to such problems. He did this by making the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities produce ideas that are simply consequences of the subject's perceptual apparatus. With focusing on the Primary qualities it is thought that science can gain reliable knowledge of the material world. Locke fought off skepticism with the argument that in the end both types of qualities must be regarded as experiences of the mind. Lockes Doctrine of Representation was therefore undefendable. According to Berkley's analysis all human experience is phenomenal, limited to appearances in the mind. One's perception of nature is one's mental experience of nature, making all sense data objects for the mind and not representations of material substances. In effect while Locke had reduced all mental contents to an ultimate basis in sensation, Berkeley now further reduced all sense data to mental contents. The distinction, by Locke, between qualities that belong to the mind and qualities that belong to matter could not be sustained. Berkeley sought to overcome the contemporary tendency toward atheistic Materialism which he felt arose without just cause with modern science. The empiricist correctly aims that all knowledge rests on experience. In the end, however, Berkeley pointed out that experience is nothing more than experience. All representations, mentally, of supposed substances, materially, are as a final result ideas in the mind presuming that the existence of a material world external to the mind as an unwarranted assumption. The idea is that to be does not mean to be a material substance; rather to be means to be perceived by a mind. Through this Berkeley held that the individual mind does not subjectively determine its experience of the world. The reason that different individuals continually percieve a similar world and that a reliable order inheres in that world is that the world and its order depend on a mind that transcends individual minds and is universal (God's mind). The universal mind produces sensory ideas in individual minds according to certain regularities such as the laws of nature. Berkeley strived to preserve the empiricist orientation and solve Lockes representation problems, while also preserving a spiritual foundation for human experience. Just as Berkeley followed Locke, so did David Hume of Berkeley. Hume drove the empiricist epistemological critique to its final extreme by using Berkeley's insight only turning it in a direction more characteristic of the modern mind. Being an empiricist who grounded all human knowledge in sense experience, Hume agreed with Lockes general idea, and too with Berkeley's criticism of Lockes theory of representation, but disagreed with Berkeley's idealist solution. Behind Hume's analysis is this thought: Human experience was indeed of the phenomenal only, of sense impressions, but there was no way to ascertain what was beyond the sense impressions, spiritual or otherwise. To start his analysis, Hume distinguished between sensory impressions and ideas. Sensory impressions being the basis of any knowledge coming with a force of liveliness and ideas being faint copies of those impressions. The question is then asked, What causes the sensory impression? Hume answered None. If the mind analyzes it's experience without preconception, it must recognize that in fact all its supposed knowledge is based on a continuous chaotic volley of discrete sensations, and that on these sensations the mind imposes an order of its own. The mind can't really know what causes the sensations because it never experiences cause as a sensation. What the mind does experience is simple impressions, through an association of ideas the mind assumes a causal relation that really has no basis in a sensory impression. Man can not assume to know what exists beyond the impressions in his mind that his knowledge is based on. Part of Hume's intention was to disprove the metaphysical claims of philosophical rationalism and its deductive logic. According to Hume, two kinds of propositions are possible. One view is based purely on sensation while the other purely on intellect. Propositions based on sensation are always with matters of concrete fact that can also be contingent. It is raining outside is a proposition based on sensation because it is concrete in that it is in fact raining out and contingent in the fact that it could be different outside like sunny, but it is not. In contrast to that a proposition based on intellect concerns relations between concepts that are always necessary like all squares have four equal sides. But the truths of pure reason are necessary only because they exist in a self contained system with no mandatory reference to the external world. Only logical definition makes them true by making explicit what is implicit in their own terms, and these can claim no necessary relation to the nature of things. So, the only truths of which pure reason is capable are redundant. Truth cannot be asserted by reason alone for the ultimate nature of things. For Hume, metaphysics was just an exalted form of mythology, of no relevance to the real world. A more disturbing consequence of Hume's analysis was its undermining of empirical science itself. The mind's logical progress from many particulars to a universal certainty could never be absolutely legitimated. Just because event B has always been seen to follow event A in the past, that does not mean it will always do so in the future. Any acceptance of that law is only an ingrained psychological persuasion, not a logical certainty. The causal necessity that is apparent in phenomena is the necessity only of conviction subjectively, of human imagination controlled by its regular association of ideas. It has no objective basis. The regularity of events can be perceived, however, there necessity can not. The result is nothing more than a subjective feeling brought on by the experience of apparent regularity. Science is possible, but of the phenomenal only, determined by human psychology. With Hume, the festering empiricist stress on sense perception was brought to its ultimate extreme, in which only the volley and chaos of those perceptions exist, and any order imposed on those perceptions was arbitrary, human, and without objective foundation. For Hume all human knowledge had to be regarded as opinion and he held that ideas were faint copies of sensory impressions instead of vice – versa. Not only was the human mind less than perfect, it could never claim access to the world's order, which could not be said to exist apart from the mind. Locke had retained a certain faith in the capacity of the human mind to grasp, however imperfectly, the general outlines of an external world by means of combining operations. With Berkeley, there had been no necessary material basis for experience, though the mind had retained a certain independent spiritual power derived from God's mind, and the world experienced by the mind derived its order from the same source. Word Count: 1374

Zara and Ready Meals Case Study Individual Report Essay

Zara and Ready Meals Case Study Individual Report - Essay Example The problem arose mainly because of centralized stock ordering system, which was being practiced by Strutt. There is a change in the stock ordering and delivery system, which sees the losses tremendously reduced, and a significant improvement in customer satisfaction. Before and after Status of Ready Meals Case The initial system is flawed with extensive variations of the orders demanded. Strutt provided a provision all week long order and a final order the day before the intended deliveries. These two orders varied a lot at times even by over 50% and this resulted in an inconvenience to Ready Meals. There were also penalties associated with lateness of delivering the orders by Ready Meals. The Strutt demand of the food was also very uncertain. Ready Meals could not plan itself on what it would deliver more than a day before. This coupled with the fact that Ready Meals had to make small packaging led to an extended lead-time and this in turn led to creation of wastage. Ready Meals se t up stock buffering mechanisms to counter this effect of fluctuation of orders by Strutt. Buffering mechanisms was used in the supply of the sauces. This helped in mainstreaming the supply; however, the sauces have a life span of only five days and the keeping of excess stock led to wastage losses. Another buffer mechanism used by ready Meals to counter the uncertainty in supplying Strutt with food was the buffering of employee working hours. Employees could work for an extra 2 hours without notice and this led to an increased discontentment in the employee fraternity leading to turnovers. Wastage losses were also contributed to by Ready Meals computer system. On reception of provisional orders, Ready Meal would feed this information into their system. When this information was already in the system and the final order comes along, if the final order was less, the computer could not reduce the provisional order to meet the required order. If the final order was more than the provis ional order, the computer could not requisition for the excess rather it requisitioned for the final order in addition to the provisional order. This led to a great variation on the ordered quantity and the produced order. If Ready Meals also failed to deliver a day’s order, the computer would assume that the order was lost and make another order, which it would compensate for, by a lower order the following day. In the new system, a weekly schedule was set on Fridays with fixed daily deliveries for the following week. This was also found to not need changing from week to week apart from gradual seasonal adjustments. Threat of penalties was also removed and Strutt’s shelf life was increased by RM promising to dispatch on the day of production and supply the early rather than late delivery into the depots. Finally, the depot location was specified on the same day rather than 2 days before delivery, thereby enabling the packaging quantities to be in line with store requi rements and, therefore, avoiding depot delays in trans-shipment. This new system removed the variation in the quantities ordered and those delivered thereby reducing wastage for Ready Meals to zero. The uncertainty, which had earlier been created by the two orders placed by Strutt, was also removed. This is

Alternatives to Incarceration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alternatives to Incarceration - Essay Example ama’s administration demanded about $10.7 billion in the support of programs for substance abuse and the increase of control and prevention programs. This came in the way of an increase of 1 percent for treatment and increase of 15 percent for prevention. This increase however, resulted in arguments and debates based on different assumptions regarding substance abuse programs (www.hsdl.org). One of the major complaints of many who are researching substance abuse is the fact that governments spend a much greater amount of money on enforcement, but not nearly enough on prevention and treatment options that should theoretically be much more effective at stopping drug problems. "Half the world to arrest" is a myth that is associated within this type of control policy on drugs, thereby filling the prisons with petty offenders who violate the laws established regarding drugs. The Presidents request in its budget against drugs for 2011 is to invest a large portion on the treatment and prevention of substance abuse, including new funds to support the Presidents commitment to increase the spending on treatment. This new budget divides 55 percent of the allocated funds between law enforcement, programs for international intelligence activities relating to drugs, and prohibition activities. This program, however, could fail to provide necessary funds for law enforcement officers w ho need to protect communities from drug users. While this legislation may be excellent at preventing the government from causing undue harm to its citizens by imprisoning them, it ignores the idea that enforcement is a necessary part of combating drug problems, to keep communities safe. These advocates ultimately believe that, the costs for substance abuse treatment and programs overwhelmingly affect spouses, parents, society and the taxpayer (Miller, 2004). Since private and public insurers do not cover drug treatment programs, governments must fill gaps in coverage. Changes make it so that

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial management - Essay Example These ratios describe that how many current assets are required to fulfill the current liabilities. By using the data from each company’s financial statement we find out the current ratio of both companies. As in company A there is a large amount of assets to fullfill the liabilities of the company more efficiently as compared to the company B, so the current ratio of company A is 1 and a current ratio of company B is 0.4, the same situation is in the case of quick ratio. Quick ratio of company A is 1.02 and of the company B is 0.2. Quick ratio specifically measures the liquidity so the result shows that company A is more liquid as compared to the company B. (â€Å"HITSTELEC: Financial reports†) What do the accounts receivables turnover and inventory turnover of your company (Company (A)), compared with the other company, suggest about the company (A)’s ability to convert AR and Inventory accounts into cash? We compared account receivable turnover between company A and B, we know that account receivable turnover show that how many times companies receive payments from debtors. As the result show company A has the turnover of 8.8 times and company B has the turnover of 10.7 times, so it is clearly shown that company B has a high turnover as compared to company A. As we know inventory turnover means the cost of goods sold on an inventory recovered at a specific time. Again the company B has a high inventory turnover as compared to company A. Company A can convert account receivables into cash when it receives the debts from the debtors and this happen only when company issue debts on some specific terms and conditions or compensate the debtor that they can return their debt by their willingness. Company A can convert an inventory account into cash from the sale of inventory as possible as they can for this purpose it is necessary to reduce the cost of that inventory that every person can easily afford it. (â€Å"DU:

Planning and carrying out a literacy activity to meet the learning Essay

Planning and carrying out a literacy activity to meet the learning goals - Essay Example Ideas in practice have been considered in a variety of genres to affect children writing skills. Children possess a number of attributes that enable them to be effective in writing. Such attributes include developing consistent spelling skills, recognition, and awareness in phonologies and phonemes, ability to form alphabetical letters comfortably, develop the writing concept, having a vocabulary in a wide range, and achieving oneself expression through writing. Writing flourishes in an environment with celebrated examples and displays for children writing on their own. The opportunities and purpose for writing are linked to the curriculum activities. Repeated writing and use of writing materials demonstrate what the children are doing in a classroom. It is important that pupils are trained to elaborate sentences from a tender age. One plans a snowman activity by first selecting the theme. Here, alphabetical letters are selected to represent a given word. For example, we can consider letter S for snow or snowflake.   Define the keywords to a student. Snow is a precipitate from such as sleet, hail or rain that drops from clouds. A snowflake is ice crystals collectively formed in and beneath a cloud during rainfall. Alphabet S is printed and displayed on materials chosen. In this context, I will encourage each of the four boys and two girls to identify the letter on the display. Due to multilingual and monolingual children in my class, I will ensure reading is sound and repetitive.     ... For example, we can consider letter S for snow or snowflake. Secondly we analyze activities and instructions. Define the key words to student. Snow is a precipitate form such as sleet, hail or rain that drops from clouds. A snowflake is ice crystals collectively formed in and beneath a cloud during rainfall. Alphabet S is printed and displayed on materials chosen. In this context, I will encourage each of the four boys and two girls to identify the letter on the display. Due to multilingual and monolingual children in my class, I will ensure reading is sound and repetitive. They will trace alphabets in both lower and upper case by using fingers. Demonstrate to children on how to trace the letter by emphasizing the use of continuous stroke through finger and pencil tracing. Children are to color the images with a range of materials. To reinforce the letter practice, use a mini book and activity page to identify the related words. Ask children to also give other words with the same sou nd as you write them on the board. Displays of the alphabet posts and coloring images can also be used. Lastly, materials for the activity are chosen these materials are to meet all the needs of the four boys and two girls. They include; color poster, coloring page, handwriting worksheet, control charts, writing paper, printable lined paper, and theme coloring pages. Letters on the sand paper is also required to enable a child who requires the sense of touch to identify the alphabets. Broad display working sheet will be provided to the deaf child. In conjunction with working sheets of the American Sign Language, the deaf child will be able to identify the alphabets. In addition, the blind will require audio devices for

Personal Biostatement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Biostatement - Essay Example There is a risk of water shortages in the near future, and many sources of water are polluted. Humanity may also be close to running out of oil and other important materials. There is a limit to the numbers of people that can be supported by the earth. A higher population requires more land to be used for food, and more chemical fertilizers and intensive cultivation to be used on existing agricultural land. If a high standard of living is maintained, a high population will also require more energy and resource use and it will usually create more pollution and waste. The world population was six billion in 2000, and it is projected to rise to almost nine billion by the year 2040. In 10,000 B.C. the maximum estimated world population was around ten million (U.S. Census Bureau-International Database, 2007). There are currently signs that the current population is reaching the limits of the carrying capacity of the world. There are constant famines in some parts of Africa. Rising oil prices may signal an impending oil shortage. Consumption of oil has risen throughout the world and there have been few significant new discoveries. Deforestation is a major prob lem as poor countries cut down their forests to provide new land for agriculture. There are large "dead zones" in some coastal areas due to pollution. Damage to the environment will eventually lower the carrying capacity of the earth as agricultural yields will fall if topsoil is eliminated because of the erosion that occurs with constant monocropping and the destruction of the forests. Overfishing can cause fish stocks to collapse, and they may not recover for a long period of time even if fishing is temporarily halted. If the world population outgrows the carrying capacity of the earth, the results could be a rapid population collapse as wars, famines, and major epidemics occur in many places at once. There is evidence that the society on Easter Island collapsed due to overpopulation and the overconsumption of resources. "Apparently the islanders were greeted with a lush tropical paradise when they first discovered it. It must have seemed inexhaustable. The trees were cut for lumb er for housing, wood for fires, and eventually for the rollers and lever-like devices used to move and erect the moai" (Wassmann, 1996). Eventually, the clear-cutting caused erosion and the permanent loss of the original forest on the island. The island could no longer support its population, and there was constant warfare and cannibalism. The society collapsed, and the population of the island is estimated to have dwindled from about 7,000-9,000 to about 750. Overdevelopment has damaged the environment in many places. Human needs and wants should not be the only thing that determines where new housing developments and cities are constructed, as development can cause important species to lose land in their habitats; and it can cause other problems, such as the loss of topsoil and pollution. The loss of some species in a region can cause other species to either die off or over-reproduce. Other species could enter the region, and they could become pest species. Land in some types of developments also becomes eroded easily. Highways and developments also create large amounts of pollution and waste. Pollution has always been a major problem throughout history. The industrial revolution added many new types of pollution to the environment

The Aspect of Gay Marriage in the Society Term Paper

The Aspect of Gay Marriage in the Society - Term Paper Example Several thesis statements can be used to give the view of gay marriage in society. It can be based on people’s standards and perception of culture. One such thesis statement states that perception and existing idea about wrongness and rightness of individual’s actions depends on culture from which they come from and geographical region of their existence. Gay marriage Every society has cultural ethics that shape it up. These cultures are enforced as daily norms and way of life in which every member of the society respects and follows. Marriage in society is given much weight since it is regarded as a fundamental unit in family creation where society is advanced and continuity guaranteed (Majeed, 2004). Just like all marriages, gay marriage involves union of two partners. This case becomes different since it involves same-sex partners. They are allowed to have same set of legal rights as that which is held by heterosexual spouses. Several countries have legalized gay mar riage which has led to heated debates and conflicts between religious groups and gay parties involved. Acceptance and reinforcement of legal rights of the gay existence in society has become a dangerous threat to domination of traditional Christian norms regarding sexuality and sex. Several ethics rule and guide the society since they set symbols of what is generally accepted. Every religious society fears that supporting homosexuality will lead to massive breakdown of values. Ethics are values that protect and hold together family and society. Different cultures also have different views regarding issue of gay marriage but generally societies are formed behind believe of heterosexual marriage and it is perceived to be the natural way of life (Majeed, 2004). Ethical consideration Ethics are considered to be cultural values that shape individuals way of life. All ethical views are relative to individual preference within the society.  

Computer and Network Hardware Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Computer and Network Hardware - Assignment Example Protocols like POP3, IMAP, LDAP and HTTP services use DNS to avoid IP conflicts on the networks. Hardware (Physical) address is the unique hexadecimal serial number assigned to each Ethernet network device. The address is permanently set at the time of manufacture and cannot be changed. It is unique to help distinguish among devices. The hardware addresses are exactly 6 bytes in length, and are usually written in hexadecimal as 12:34:56:78:90:AB. The first six digits identify manufacturer while the last six is the serial number of the card. Each manufacturer of Ethernet devices applies for a certain range of hardware addresses they can use. DHCP failover occurs when using DHCP redundancy. With two DHCP servers serving different scopes, for example .100-.150 on one and .200-.250 on the other, challenges pursue. In the case one server fails, all clients that received a lease from that server, will have to get a new IP from the other server. That basically means all network connections on the client will be lost and causing a danger unlike no redundancy. DHCP availability is crucial. The existing of network is dependent on the DHCP availability, since it is the basic point of assigning TCP/IP configuration. If it fails or breaks down the network communication is lost. That indicates that DHCP has to be available throughout. Subnetting addresses hardware performance issues. Using subnetting reduces CPU overload. The servers will have increased processing power and available. The network hardware like routers and other devices that handle data traffic are also optimized. The bandwidth is available to network devices for their effective performance. To communicate, computers on LAN are interconnected using a switch. The switch is then connected to a router that links LAN to an external network, internet. To access internet through a single computer, you can either configure one PC as an ICS (Internet Connection Sharing) or

Basic Elements in Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic Elements in Behavior - Essay Example The main parts of human body include heart, the nervous system and the most important is the brain. The nervous system is the main route which helps to carry all the information to other parts of the body. It has always been a mystery that how a human brain works although many scientists have conducted many theories about it. Moreover it has now become evident that the first five years of a person’s life are the most important in the physical brain development. The human body contains a huge number of neurons. It is said that approximately one trillion neurons are required to control the human behavior. Neurons are considered as the basic elements of human behavior because they not only help in achieving our day to day physical activities but they help us to think, move, remember and feel all the emotions. They are just like chip in a computer which is used to transfer information from one part to the other. As it is believed that there is something inside our body which contr ols all the actions. This thing which controls our actions is called Neuron. (Feldman, 2009, p. 114). Neurons are just like other cells of the body. Their body consists of a nucleus which tells that how the cell will perform its functions. Moreover the neurons have the ability of transmitting information to other neurons having long distances.

Nonviolent video game Essay Example for Free

Nonviolent video game Essay Video games originated as a new form of relaxation back about 30 years ago, with the first ones being just basic ideas and basic goals. But as time has gone on they have grown into a far greater thing spanning to all walks of like. There are hundreds of ways to help alleviate the stress you experience every day, so Im going to focus on one that many of you may not have considered before: video games. If youre in a stressful situation that you cant avoid, its important to take a time out and give your mind a break so you can avoid the exhaustion stage of stress. Even if you take a 30 minute break, you can help re-boot your brain and return to your work more focused. Now the question is what do you do for 30 minutes? Play a video game of course! Any game you play will give your mind something to do so that youre not dwelling on your stressor while you take your break with the added satisfaction of doing something enjoyable. If youre not a gamer, dont worry! There are tons of games that you can get for free online or as apps for your phone that can help you relax after a tough day and blow off some steam. If youre already a gamer, you may never have thought about games as a means for stress relief. A study recently performed by a Texas AM International University professor suggests that even violent video games can reduce depression and hostile feelings in young adults. This study focused on violent games (such as Call of Duty) and young adults so the results obviously dont apply to everyone however anyone can find a game that will suit their wants and needs in order to see the benefits. Here are some tips for picking the right game for you: Tip 1: Consider your time/money budget. If you can only spare 30 minutes or price is a concern, then look for free apps on your phone or games on the internet. On your app-enabled phone, check out the games section and sort the games by price to see the available free games. Tip 2: If youre new to games, pick something that suits your other interests. For example, if you like to read fantasy books, try playing a fantasy game. If you often get angry when you are stressed, try a shooter game. Killing zombies and aliens is a great way to release some anger. Tip 3: Keep it simple, especially if you are already a gamer. If your favorite game also makes you want to throw your controller sometimes, then its probably not the best choice for a stress-relief activity. If you are new to games, pick something with simple controls such as mouse only games, or motion controlled games like on the Wii. Tip 4: Have fun! The whole point of using games as a stress reliever is to re-vitalize your brain and keep your stressor at bay, for a while anyways. Application: When you are stressed you can just start playing a game and get lost in it for hours This is a technique that can be used alone or with friends Conclusion : Everyone enjoyed playing Mario in class. It was a fun experience.

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay An analysis of The Kite Runner â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† Made by Hasnen Ali Introduction The Kite Runner is an extraordinary book, which reminds us how long the Afghani people have been struggling to triumph over the forces of violence. Because of the books strong story, we get an insight in how people might have experienced the crisis in Kabul, even though it’s been shown through a book. The author Khaled Hosseini was a practicing physician until after the book’s release. This was also his first novel, which was released in 2003 and turned out to be an international bestseller. Even though the story of The Kite Runner is fictional, it’s based on a true story and also on Hosseini’s memories of growing up in Kabul. This also means that the genre of the book is not a fictional novel (many look at it that way), but an historical novel. According to an article in USA Today, The Kite Runner has sold over 1. 4 million copies, which is a phenomenal sale for a first time author. The story tells of a friendship between two boys growing up in Kabul. Even though they were raised in the same household, Amir and Hassan are from two â€Å"different worlds†. While Amir is the son of a wealthy and respected man (Baba), Hassan is the son of the family servant (Ali). The most important factor in the story is the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Their intertwined lives and fate, shows that throughout the story even though, when their relationship was inseparable in the start. They still manage to become separated through jealousy. Five years later, during the Soviet occupation, Amir and Baba are forced to flee. They spend their new lives in California, and Amir starts a career as an author. Even though Amir thinks that he has escaped his past. He still cannot leave the memory of Hassan behind him. Setting The story uses two main settings. One is Afghanistan and the other is California. We could also say that the story is divided into three sections: the memories of pre-conflict Afghanistan, adjusting to life in America, and returning to Taliban controlled Afghanistan. There is big difference between these places. While Afghanistan used to be a safe and peaceful nation, their reputation completely changed after Taliban started controlling the country. The country is also portrayed as a demolished and deserted place, while California is shown as a way to escape their problems in Afghanistan. California will always be a much safer place to live, for both Amir and Baba, but Baba still misses Afghanistan, since he used to be wealthy and respected. He misses Kabul because in California, he is completely the opposite. He works at a gas station for many hours, and through the book we can feel that he misses almost everything about his previous home. It’s important to understand their struggle to adapt to their new home, because it shows how different Afghanistan is from California, and we also get a better understanding of the story. Structure and characters The Kite Runner starts with a nameless narrator, talking about his past and how it’s been affecting him for the last twenty-six years. The narrator also gives us clues to what might happen, and the troubles that will arise. After going through a few chapters, we get to know the main characters better and their problems. The characters that we first meet are Amir and Hassan. Amir is the narrator and the main character throughout the story. He is an Afghan man with a special childhood. Through most of his life Amir tries to redeem his reputation in the eyes of his father as he felt he was responsible for his mother’s death. He also wants to prove to his father that he isn’t a weakling, and want to become more like Hassan. Hassan is Amir’s best friend during his childhood and he is also his servant. Hassan is known for his loyalty and strong attachment to Amir. Later in the story, it’s revealed that Hassan is Amir’s brother. This means that Amir’s father had an affair with Ali’s wife, and that Hassan is actually his son. Hassan was also known for begin the best kite runner in Kabul. Baba is a wealthy and respected man, but becomes poor after he flees to America. His relationship with Amir is very turbulent, and he wants Amir to become like Hassan, strong and brave. Ali is Hassan’s father and Baba’s best friend. He is a Hazara, but he got the same characteristics as his son. Ali grew up together with Baba, just as Hassan and Amir did. He got a handicap as well; even though it doesn’t stop him from begin a loyal servant. Rahim Khan is Baba’s closest friend and one of the few people who know that Hassan is Amir’s brother. He is the one that calls Amir to go back to Afghanistan. Assef is a bully and is responsible for the rape of Hassan. This guy is also a fan of Hitler, which clearly makes him a sociopath. When he becomes an adult, he also joins the Taliban. He also has hatred towards the Hazara people, and likes to discriminate them. Soraya is Amir’s wife and has troublesome past. She also takes care of Baba, when he is sick and adopts Shorab without doubts. Sohrab is Hassan’s son. He also plays a major part in the book. Assef enslaves him after he is taken from the orphanage. Since Amir is the main character in the book, he also develops most of all the characters. We notice first that he slowly turns against Hassan, his anger and jealousy grows in one direction, even though Hassan doesn’t do anything wrong. The rape of Hassan is really an event that further separates their relationship. Since there is so much drama in this book, it doesn’t end yet. When the Soviet invades Afghanistan, Amir’s family flees to another country, unaware that they lose most of their wealth. For the first time they get a taste of how it is to be poor. Later in the book Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan and returns to Afghanistan. He finds out about Hassan’s son Sohrab, and is determined to bring him back home to America. Before he could save Sohrab, he had to face Assef. Getting beaten by Assef and saving Sohrab could be seen as a final way to redeem himself. This also made his guilt disappear. Themes and tones In this story, there are a lot of different themes we could discuss like example: bullying, friendship, guilt, betrayal, kite, honor, redemption, father and son relationship, man’s inhumanity to man, discrimination and loyalty. There is a lot of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan and especially the conflict between the Pashtuns and the Hazara. The relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras has never been stable; because Pashtuns are mostly Sunni Muslims and the Hazara are Shia Muslim. The Hazara has been discriminated mostly because of their faith, language and facial appearance. In the book Ali is loyal to Baba, because Baba’s father adopted Ali after his parents died. Since then Baba has always followed his father’s example and always been kind to the Hazara people. Guilt is also another theme that is brought up. After the rape of Hassan, Amir cannot bear to be around Hassan, because it reminds him of that day. He even lies to Ali, and says that nothing happened. The problem with Hassan is that he takes the blame for everything and he doesn’t want to hurt Amir. Even when Amir tells Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate, he refuses. When Hassan smashes the pomegranate on his own forehead, Amir’s guilt becomes even worse. In the end Amir makes Hassan and his father leave, and Hassan still considers Amir his best friend. The story is written in a way that it still affects you after your done reading. Even though it’s a dark story with a lot of hopelessness for the people in Afghanistan, there still is some hope and happiness. Honor is expressed in many different ways, but the quote â€Å"for you, a thousand times over† is a great example of how they express theirself. Conclusion The kite is a theme in the book that represents freedom, even though you’re not in fully in control of the kite’s fate. I think the theme describes the fate of Amir and how he develops throughout the book To me the story as said earlier is a historical novel, and not a fictional novel. This is because it’s based on a true story and experiences Hosseini had when he was growing up in Kabul. I as writer of this analysis is a Hazara, and I know what kind of suffering the Hazara people have went through. Sometimes I think that Hosseini might be Amir, but they sure do have some similarities. Links: * http://www. usatoday. com/life/books/news/2005-04-18-kite-runner_x. htm * http://www. gradesaver. com/the-kite-runner/study-guide/ * http://www. wikisummaries. org/The_Kite_Runner * http://polsci167. blogspot. com/2011/09/kite-runner-redemption-within-tentative. html

Role of Teachers and Parents in Imparting Values

Role of Teachers and Parents in Imparting Values Dr. Sandip Madhukar Mali - Abstract Now days everyone says that, today’s student’s behaviour is valueless. The prime aim of this paper is to identify the reason of this situation. Role of teacher and parent is important in imparting values in student. Values relate to the norms of a culture. Norms provide rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. While norms are standards, patterns, rules and guides of expected behavior, values are abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile. Different cultures reflect values differently and to different levels of emphasis. Over the last three decades, traditional-age college students have shown an increased interest in personal well-being and a decreased interest in the welfare of others. Values seemed to have changed, affecting the beliefs, and attitudes of the students. Student or child is looking the action of parent or teacher and did like this so, teacher and parents behavior is very ethical. Key Words: Value, Value education, Imparting Values, Role of Teacher, Parents. Introduction: Today we are talking of value education, value based education and value based society. All of us feel that the values are falling and nobody is respecting them. In an enthusiasm to point fingers at others we do not realize that we too have contributed to this fall. Role of teacher and parent is important in inculcating values in student or a child. Values are not a process of teaching but are inculcating with one’s own behaviour. Value literally means something that has a price, something precious, dear and worthwhile. It is defined as a belief upon which man acts by preference. By a close examination of different sources of the meaning of values, we may say. We use the term value as ‘Literary value,’ ‘Democratic Value’, ‘Life Value’ and ‘Education value in our day to day speaking and writing. In life process man accepts good things and avoids bad things. It is not human living to act neutrally and in the light of witness only. Acc eptable and non-acceptable, good and bad are the nature of values. Values are established and they are practicable. Importance of Values: Values refer the norms of behavior or culture. Values guide the selection or evaluation of action, policies, people and events. That is, values serve as standards or criteria. Values guide our behaviour and give meaning to our existence. d) Values assist us to take right decisions and make choices. e) Values give direction and firmness to life and help us to be morally sound. Type of Value and its areas: Human value- Human behaviour National or constitutional value- Constitutional rules Social value- Rules about society Vocational value- Ideals in various professions Religious value- Ideals related to religions Aesthetic value- Value in Arts and Literature Human value is like an axle of a wheel and other types of value are around it. Therefore if an individual is educated in human values, learning of all other values become leaser. Following are human values: 1) Truthfulness (2) Constructivity (3) Sacrifice (4) Sincerity (5) Self control (6) altruism (7) Sientific vision Value Development: Value development is a continuous, cumulative and highly interdependent process touching all the aspects of personality. Value/ Moral development is the axis on which revolves ones personality and character. Jean Piaget proposed a stage theory of moral development. Moral judgement is the basis of moral development. The earliest stage of childs morality is Heterogeneous morality governed by adult constraints or restrictions imposed by adults. The child considers an act wrong because the act is likely to bring punishment or restrictions. As the age advances, the child reaches a stage of Autonomous morality. The growing individual regards the rules as sacred and unchangeable. He identifies justice with rules and regulations of authority. Sigmund Freud, the father of Psychoanalysis views moral development as an identification process. The young child identifies himself with parents and internalizes the adult rules which lead to the development of morality. He considers super Ego primarily responsible for developing a moral frame of reference. The psychoanalytic school emphasises parent-child relationship as the basis of moral development. Albert Bandra, a Social learning theorist, is the exponent of observational learning. He studied the effect of modeling on learning of moral values. He considers imitation as the important determinant of morality. Televised aggenssion elicit aggressive behaviour while disciplined, restrained actions in visual media like TV elicit constructive behaviour. The content of communication media serves as the sources of values. Teachers and parents acts as a models for children to cultivate socially desirable behavioural patterns. The implications of these theories of moral development to the field of education are many and varied. Value education should be developmental value education, not just and external activity. It should be noted unlike physical or intellectual development, value development does not depend on heredity. It is purely an acquired character. No person can acquire moral value without living in human society. Value Education: Value education is simply a matter of developing appropriate behaviour and habits involving inculcation of certain virtues and habits. Moral development of a child, according to some, results automatically from the social life of the school. The child as a member of the group imbibes the attitudes, values and general behaviour of the group and continually tries to mould himself according to the group norm. Such adjustment to life constitutes his moral development. Since the dawn of culture and civilization in India, education, whether it is primary or higher, has always been a source of gradually cultivating wisdom by acquiring which a human being gets fitness for facing with the challenges of different stages of life and for dedicating to the welfare of humanity. In the process of our gradual journey from primary to higher education two sorts of major changes, relative to our attitude towards values, occur in our life. They are external or bodily and internal or self affirming. External changes in the sense that the students bag degrees by fair or foul means and on that basis get higher job positions. During the job, they collect more and more money, Cars, Bungalows and manage academic awards and all that by having which they may exploit themselves and the society with the disguised repute but they fears to face the deep hollowness of their disguised selves. They ruin self to the extent of dissatisfied and meaningless life. Money is value onl y when it is earned through honest and proper labour and distributed in proportion. One can realize money as value only through higher education. It earned by wrong means is thievery, the way of a rogue. Without realizing the values of and in higher education one cannot lead a meaningfully satisfied educated life. Role of Parents in imparting values: Childs first learning environment is a home and parents are the first teachers. Parents are demonstrate the appropriate behaviour by their actions because children’s are learn by observation and conditioning. Normally we come across three categories of parents. a) Caring parents: parents become highly concerned about these children, which is natural but they become over possessive, which is detrimental to the growth of the child. They would try to do everything for the child without allowing him to do or experiment something on his own. In this overflowing flood of concern, they pamper the child, overlook his omissions and start supporting him even when he needs correction. b) Careless parent: parents are not much concerned about the child. It does not mean that they do not love the child. Either, they are illiterates or too busy persons. Some of them do not have the methods and tools to handle their children and some do not have the time to guide and manage the children. c) Critical and strict parents: These parents desire to bring up their children under `total discipline. They expect the child to be always immaculate and faultless in every action and situation. They cannot tolerate anything otherwise. They are very critical and keep on pointing the finger of accusation at the child. They take all decisions about the child and truly believe that the child cannot /should not take decisions. The impressions that the child gets in the initial part of his life, remains with him. One can never escape the childhood experiences. What the parents did is more important than what they said, because, the child learns by observing and not just by listening. So child parenting rearing style is very crucial in imparting values. Role of Teachers in imparting values: The teacher has a powerful and enduring influence in the formation of the character of every future citizen. Teacher acts as a pivot for the transmission of intellectual and technical skills and cultural traditions from one generation to the other. Teaching is not a job; it is an attitude. Teacher is a source of information, a guide, a mentor, a surrogate parent, a motivator, all at the same time. Teaching is the only profession which always deals with the future. To be an ideal teacher, who can be a role model, some features of teacher: Anyone who does not love his subject can never be a good teacher and cannot inspire his students. If one does not have the respect for his vocation; he can never have self-esteem of himself. Such teachers do not exude confidence and assurance. If anyone loves their students as intensely as their own children they become a great teacher. Affirmative and Holistic personality teacher is imparting values in student. Conclusion: The role of a parent and teacher in the changing social scenario is becoming very challenging. In the earlier times teacher was the only source of information and commanded respect on this count. Today, we have multiple information centers like books, coaching centres, the audio visual aids such as audio cassettes, video tapes, microfilms and internet services that provide information to those who need it. Thus teachers role as the only source of information is marginalized. The society is becoming more materialistic and values appear to be pushed into the background. So parent and teacher role is very crucial in developing values in their child. References: Banerji, Sanjay and Prasad, Rajiv (2012). Role of Teachers and Educational Institutions in Value Based Higher Education, Vol. V, No. I, March -August 2012. Gulati, Sushma and Pant, Daya. (2002). Education for Values in Schools – A Framework Department of Educational Psychology and Foundations of Education National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg: New Delhi – 110016. Gururaj, Karajagi. (2000). Role of Teachers and Parents in Imparting Values: Jain International Residential School, International Academy for Creative Teaching: Bangalore. NCERT (2005). Journal of Value Education: January July, 2005. Seetharam, A. R. (2001). Concept and Objectives of Value Education. Ramakrishna Institute of Moral and Spiritual Education: Mysore. Sridhar, Y. N. (2001). Value Development Ramakrishna Institute of Moral and Spiritual Education: Mysore. Tiwari, D. N. (2005). Values in Higher Education: Department of Philosophy Religion: Bhu. http://hechingerreport.org/content/value-really-means-higher-education_15129/ March 27, 2014.

In Loveing Memory Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I've learned that the people you care about most in life are taken from you too soon. It certainly is the truth. We were the bagel shop groupies as you would call us. More personally his bagel shop groupies practically there every day. Sue, Paulina, Gentile, Jessica, Phil, Ryan, Steve, Kevin, Nick, Glen, Ruben, and myself. The list could go on for hours on end but I have neither the time nor the heart to go on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So as I was saying we were there almost everyday, and at the start of each day he was there to make us laugh, to make us smile, and to even get us into some trouble if the day permitted. No matter how you look at it though he was the kind of man who could swallow you with the warmth of his heart. He could make even your worst dreams seem like they weren't so bad; he was always there. They called him the giant because of his size, but we called him the giant because of his heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alex was one of my closest friends. We went through a lot of things together. I couldn’t have imagined my life without him. None of us could have, but we soon found that we were going to have to do just that. I remember the day clear as crystal, although sometimes I wish the day had never come. I wish I could have taken that chance to tell him I loved him. I wish I could have said good-bye . I wish I could hear his voice just one last time. I wish that I could spend my life inside my junior year and never have to see the last day of school. For Alex would still be here alive and well for me to talk to and hug whenever I felt like it. If not for myself then for his family and loved ones so that their pain and suffering would end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It had to have been around 6:00 in the morning, when I got there. I got there early because it was the last day of school. I didn’t want to miss a thing, but when I showed up no one was there and the store was closed. To me it seemed so strange and I thought to myself that something did not feel right. The bagel shop was never closed, it was like the post office or the mail rather, nor rain, nor sleet, nor snow   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hervias 4 will wake up and it will all be gone in an instant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From this experience I have learned that you should always leave loved ones with loving words for it maybe the last time that you will see them. I’ve learned that it’s not what you have in your life but who you have in your life that counts. I’ve learned that you can keep going long after you can’t. I've learned that our background and circumstances may have influenced who we are, but we are responsible for who we become. I’ve learned that maturity has more to do with the types of experiences you’ve had and less to do with how many birthdays you‘ve celebrated . I’ve learned that no matter how bad your heart is broken the world does not stop for your grief. I’ve learned that even when you think you have nothing left to give, a friend cries out and you will find the strength to help. Worst of all I’ve learned that the people you love most in life are taken from you too soon.

Mumia Abu Jamal Essay -- essays research papers

America, the land of the free, the land of the just. It is here, where paople from all over the world can come for refuge from tyranny. Here, people are not judged by their color, but by who they are. Too bad it isn't true, for what you are about to read will contradict everything that America is supposed to be. Mumia Abu Jamal, a former Philadelphia journalist, was put through an unfair and biased trial, then convicted of murdering a Philadelphia cop in 1982, and has been on death row since. And here is his story. "My name is Mumia Abu-Jamal ... I've been on death row since July of 1982 - in fact, I've been on several death rows in Pennsylvania, in the United States of America. Despite my penal status I'm a writer, a journalist, a columnist, and a professional revolutionary." -- Mumia Abu-Jamal (Wideman 107) Born 24 April 1954 Wesley Cook, Mumia Abu-Jamal, author, journalist and inmate of death row, is one of America's most powerful outspoken voices against injustice. Seen by the State as a dangerous revolutionary who must be silenced, he has been incarcerated for the last seventeen years. (West 2) Mumia Abu-Jamal was born in Philadelphia where he grew up. The name Mumia was given in High School, when he took an African name for his Swahili studies. The Arabic, Abu-Jamal, meaning Father of Jamal, came later. (West 5) Mumia's first introduction to politics was in his teens when he and a few friends attended a George Wallace presidential rally. They shouted slogans and raised their fists in a black power salute. To their relief they were thrown out, but their relief was short lived when they were set upon outside by a gang of white thugs. Rescue seemed at hand when the police were spotted, but their 'rescuers' joined in the assault, kicking and beating. Mumia was kicked in the face. (West 13) Mumia became a founding member of the Black Panther Party in Philadelphia and Minister of Information (fall 1968). Mumia filed reports from New York and other cities, but was mainly based in Philadelphia. For a time he worked in Oakland, California, on the staff of the party's newspaper. The Black Panthers were to give Mumia a good grounding in radical politics and it was where he cut his teeth as a journalist. When the Panthers began to tear themselves apart, Mumia left. (West 34) Mumia Abu-Jamal: "The prospe... ...p; West, Cornel. Death Blossoms : Reflections from a Prisoner of Consience. New York: Plough Pub House Publishing, 1997 "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The Crime Scene. Website. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/scene "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The Trial. Website. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/trial "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The FOP and Their Lies. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/fop "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The Witnesses. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/witnesses "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." Judge Sabo. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/sabo "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." Support for Mumia. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/support

Walden Two Essay -- essays research papers

Book Title: Walden Two Author: B.F. Skinner Pages: 301 I. SETTING: A. Time: mid 1940’s (after the end of WWII) B. Place: Walden Two, R.D. I, Canton C. Detailed description of the opening scene: Rogers and Steve just returning from war, and looking for a new beginning read an article on a man named Frazier who was planning to begin an experimental utopian society. They immediately become intrigued by the idea. Their interest brought them to the office of Professor Burris, one their former teachers to ask if he knew anything about Frazier, or about the new society Frazier is trying to build. Burris remembers Frazier as a classmate at his graduate school; he recalls his extremist ideas and his dislike for the institution. He also recalls discussions the two had shared about this "Utopian society." Reluctantly Burris agrees to contact Frazier, and sends him a letter. Immediately and enthusiastically he replies inviting Burris’ and his friends to visit the new community he has developed. Burris meets with the two men to inform them of the invitation, and agrees to take time off, to accomp any Rogers and Steve on a visit to "Walden Two," Frazier’s community. Rodger’s girlfriend Barbara, Steve’s girlfriend Mary, and Burris's colleague Castle also accompany them on the visit. II. THEME: a one-sentence statement of the theme of your novel Walden Two was Skinner’s attempt to portray what would occur if behaviorism were used to curve our society, he depicted a solution to the problems of modern life that involved a new beginning, an flee from our current society, and a dismissal of our political and econo... ...cters visiting the Utopian society of Walden Two engage in an abundance of dialogue, in order to discover the spirit and the principles behind this new community of Walden Two. Set speeches by main characters illustrate the points that Skinner wishes to make to the reader. Don't get me wrong, the ideas are challenging and the reading is not painful; there is even some dramatic tension. The thought of a society like Walden Two is intriguing, and the detail used by Skinner gives the reader a clear picture of what this society may look like, and how it operates. Overall the book was good, it was an enjoyable read, and wasn’t like other novels, it was individual. I would recommend this book to anyone who is open- minded, and is intrigued by the operations and possibility of alternate societies. Walden Two Essay -- essays research papers Book Title: Walden Two Author: B.F. Skinner Pages: 301 I. SETTING: A. Time: mid 1940’s (after the end of WWII) B. Place: Walden Two, R.D. I, Canton C. Detailed description of the opening scene: Rogers and Steve just returning from war, and looking for a new beginning read an article on a man named Frazier who was planning to begin an experimental utopian society. They immediately become intrigued by the idea. Their interest brought them to the office of Professor Burris, one their former teachers to ask if he knew anything about Frazier, or about the new society Frazier is trying to build. Burris remembers Frazier as a classmate at his graduate school; he recalls his extremist ideas and his dislike for the institution. He also recalls discussions the two had shared about this "Utopian society." Reluctantly Burris agrees to contact Frazier, and sends him a letter. Immediately and enthusiastically he replies inviting Burris’ and his friends to visit the new community he has developed. Burris meets with the two men to inform them of the invitation, and agrees to take time off, to accomp any Rogers and Steve on a visit to "Walden Two," Frazier’s community. Rodger’s girlfriend Barbara, Steve’s girlfriend Mary, and Burris's colleague Castle also accompany them on the visit. II. THEME: a one-sentence statement of the theme of your novel Walden Two was Skinner’s attempt to portray what would occur if behaviorism were used to curve our society, he depicted a solution to the problems of modern life that involved a new beginning, an flee from our current society, and a dismissal of our political and econo... ...cters visiting the Utopian society of Walden Two engage in an abundance of dialogue, in order to discover the spirit and the principles behind this new community of Walden Two. Set speeches by main characters illustrate the points that Skinner wishes to make to the reader. Don't get me wrong, the ideas are challenging and the reading is not painful; there is even some dramatic tension. The thought of a society like Walden Two is intriguing, and the detail used by Skinner gives the reader a clear picture of what this society may look like, and how it operates. Overall the book was good, it was an enjoyable read, and wasn’t like other novels, it was individual. I would recommend this book to anyone who is open- minded, and is intrigued by the operations and possibility of alternate societies.

Leadership Is the Secret Ingredient of Success

Leadership is the driving force of any sphere of human endeavor and that driving force is driving towards success or in other words goal achievement. The area of leadership has been an area of interest for human kind for centuries and it can be traced back to Hipocrates ‘ 400 BC writing on personality types based on body humour and Plato's establishment of the first leadership training centers in 386 BC[uk essays. com].It has been studied for a purpose and the purpose is obvious because without a proper leader a group of people can’t continue. The maestros of old understood this and established schools to train good leaders. It is known that The great Alexander has been a student of Aristotal so the source of his great leading ability is significant he lead his army to countless victories and he was a great leader of men the secret behind his success was his well educated leadership.Today the good leaders are needed more than ever because the organizations are facing tro ubles more than ever before tough competition ,the complicated consumer demands are only few of the problems the organizations are facing today . A good leader is like a caption of a ship who steers the ship safely through thunderstorms as well as the still sea.A leader is self motivated and he should be able to motivate others through frustration and challenges like a batsman in a cricket match who bats a not out innings , playing through the pressure while continuing a steady run rate and telling the batsman in the other end to hang on because it is not an individual performance and eventually becoming the man of the match in fact a leader is the man of an organization who drives the organization forward towards the success so a leader’s success is not only his but of the entire organization’s . In simplest terms the leader should be a good team player.Leadership is what bind the entire organization together to the level one can say he is the organization. The leader ship should be spread throughout the organization from the top to the bottom so his decisions are obeyed and effectiveness is improved. A charismatic leader is like a mentor who inspires people and makes people to dream big, aim higher in their careers to do their best, be their best. Employees tend to impress a charismatic leader so they work hard and work more not because they must but because they want to[Klett,ezinearticles. com] .A leader guides people, a leader should be able to turn skills and efforts in to results, he should be the one employees turn to when they face a problem, the person they can depend on in any situation so leader should be a respectable and loved figure in an organization . The leader represents the organization so they tend to love the organization as well and they tend to regard the work they do as their own and the productivity is gained. [Fleming ,About. com guide] A good leader should be a role model for others to follow he should not direct but gu ide the way.A good leader can inspire others around him through his hard work, dedication and passion and he ought to make an example out of himself for others to follow so no authority is required by influencing he can convince others to do their job effectively and efficiently. He should practice what he tells others to do and be responsible for his decisions or actions in that way he can earn his place among his subordinates, the acceptance based on others’s trust is the real source of authority. The leadership should be a source of confidence, enthusiasm, and knowledge.He should be a person who uses times of uncertainty and stress to practice and hone his skills and turn the tide to his or organization’s advantage, he should be a one who seeks challenges and not a one who runs away from them . In the times of crises he should be a source of confidence where others can look up to and he should be calm and composed in the face of danger and steadfast to the main purp ose[Melchoir,articleklick. com]. He should not lose focus and the analytical thinking in the difficult times so he can analyze the problem thoroughly and seek solutions.It is obvious that the good leadership is essential for an organization’s success . Although there are many other factors regarding the success of an organization I think that the leadership is the binding or the blending force of all other factors. if we take an organization as a body leadership would be the backbone of it so if the backbone is broken the body can’t move, it would be paralyzed so I conclude that the leadership is the secret ingredient to success that any sphere of human endeavor can’t do without.

Gardenia Bread Philippines

1. Francisco Alonso Liongson capital Filipino playwright in Spanish and founding chairman of Circulo Escenico, Pampangas Spanish internal representation group that became nation onlyy renowned. 2. Aurelio Tolentino wholeness of the mystics of theKatipunan, a compadre ofAndres Bonifacio, a nationalist writer in both(prenominal) Kapampangan and Tagalog. He coined the worddulafor drama and ironically became know in history as the Father of Tagalog Drama for his anti-US colonial masterpieceKahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.A theatre at the heathenish Center of the Philippines is namedTanghalang Aurelio Tolentinoin his honor. 3. Jose Abad Santos First Kapampangan to function Chief Justice of the Supreme hook of the Philippines. After Pres. Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmena left Philippine crack for the safety in America, Justice Abad Santos was the highest rank official of the Philippine government until his murder on May 2, 1942 by the Nipponese Imperial Army for his ref usal to cooperate. 4.Sotero Baluyot- Provincial regulator during the Commonwealth, he formed an organization known as Cawal ning Capayan, described as the largest amd intimately powerful provincial organization of its duration (Sturtevant, Popular Uprisings in the Philippines 1840-1949). Although it claimed to be a conservative labor union, it was, in fact, a strike-breaking group of Fascist thugs, as the communistics called them. (Pol Kekai Manansala). 5. Rosalina Icban Castro espouse to Jose Luna Castro, and while born(p) in Rosales, Pangasinan, both her parents are from Pampanga and she speaks Kapampangan fluently.Obtained an M. A. in English at siege of Syracuse University , was a professor in English at U. E. for several(prenominal) decades. During all her years as an educator, she was sought by researchers in Kapampangan literature for her intimate noesis of Kapampangan writing. She is the author of The Literature of the Pampangos an anthology and at the same time a po litical literary history. (ref. E. H. Lacson) (Ernie Turla) 6. Jose Luna Castro Born on March 4, l9l5 in Manila to Faustino Castro and Claudia Luna both of Lubao, Pampanga.Finished High take aim at Pampanga High. Finished his M. A. in journalism and political science at Syracuse University. He became president of the Asian set of journalism and has held much(prenominal) high positions as press counselor of the Phil. Embassy in Peking, editor of the Manila Times (l959 l972), editor-in-chief of the Times-Journal. He was a lecturer in Journalism at U. P. and an Eisenhower Fellow in l970. He participated in international meetings in the U. S. , Korea, Thailand, Singapore and Japan.He authored Journalism Handbook. (ref. E. H. Lacson) (Ernie Turla). 7. Virgilio Davidof Bacolor, PMA graduate, retired Philippine Army worldwide and former Anti-Drug chief during the presidency of Cory Aquino, occupation executive and government agency music theatre director (by Alejandro S. Camiling ). 8. Lito Lapid a famous star rancid politician. He became governor of Pampanga and later(prenominal) became a member of the Philippine senate. 9. Lorna Tolentino is an actress, host, executive manufacturing business and wife of fellow Kapampangan actorRudy Fernandez.She was born in Concepcion, Tarlac and was raised in Manila. 10. ley Salonga is a Tony Award-winning singer and actress who is best(p) known for her portrayal of Kim in the musical theater Miss Saigon. She spent the first cardinal years of her childhood in Angeles city in the beginning moving to Manila. 11. Melanie Marquez is a best-selling(predicate) beauty queen-turned-actress who hails from Mabalacat. She was Miss multinational 1979 and was voted as the Most Beautiful Miss International in 2000. Shes also a sis of another local actor,Joey Marquez. 12.Efren Bata Reyes is referred to as The wizard and a very popular Philippine billiards player who hails from Angeles City. He is considered to be one of hist orys spaciousest practitioners of billiards. 13. Artemio Panganiban 21st Supreme motor hotel Chief Justice of the Philippines. His ancestors originated from Pampanga and then later generations migrated to Manila. 14. Herminia Minang Dizon. Girlfriend of Ray chase (author of fanny Japanese Lines), who wrote Minang was a schoolteacher before the war and a most odd individual.The only word to describe her would be fierce. She had taken up with Maj. Claude Thorpe before the light upon of Bataan and she had been captured with Thorpe. .. some of her captors were quite taken with her. unmatched high ranking Japanese military officer even offered to take her with him when his countrymen conquered Australia iodin solar day Minang got a chance to escape and did so, exclusively her life was precarious in the entire because she was pursued not only by the Japanese but by the communist guerrillas (Huks), who hated her, and by her uncle who wanted her killed punk rocker and resou rceful woman. She was not especially pretty, though she did have flashing eyes, but she was intelligent, hale organized, and articulate. I soon became smitten with her and she with me. though she was just a slip of a girl who weighed no more than 90 pounds and could stand under my outstretched arm, no lion ever had a stouter heart. beloved the end of the war she was commissioned a lieutenant in recognition of her wartime ser unrighteousnesss. source hobo Japanese Lines by Ray C. Hunt and Bernard Norling, 1986, 333 pages (by Pol Kekai Manansala) 5. Armando Q. Madambaof San Fernando, PMA graduate, Philippine Navy commodore, a staunch advocate of the modernization of the Philippine Navy, senior staff member, Armed Forces of the Philippines articulation Chiefs of Staff and served as military attache case in the Middle East (by Alejandro S. Camiling). 16. Marco G. Palo. A resident of Angeles City, was arrested in Feb. 1982 with other good deal union organizers severely tortured and was hospitalized as a result of this. Detained at the Bicutan reclamation Center for twain years and supercharged with conspiracy to commit subversion.Re-arrested in 1988 with supposed leaders of the CPP-NPA. and detained at the Camp Crame PC stockade. Charged with rebellion and released after two years (Dave Nepomuceno). 17. Senator Gil Puyat. Son of the pioneer Pampangan industrialist, fag out Gonzalo Puyat. Graduated in l929 in business enterprise Administration (cum laude) from U. P. where he became a doyen in its department of economics. First choose senator in l955, he was consistently named One of the Five Most salient Senators all(prenominal) year. He became the President of the Senate in l967.Very popular and well-known, and a notable economist Senator Puyat became absolute majority Floor Leader in the Senate. He hails from Guagua he loved the people of Guagua such that he was instrumental in constructing several public works such as the bridges leading to Bar rio Santa Filomena and the plaza in front of the town church . Buendia Ave. in Makati is now renamed after him. (Andro Camiilng) (E. H. Lacson) (Ernie Turla) 18. Rosa Danon Rosal. much popularly known by her sieve name of Rosa Rosal, born in Manila 16 October 1931 to Julio Danon and Gloria Lansang (from which town of Pampanga? , lived in garage for 16 years, sold sweepstakes tickets head start at six years old, analyze at Antonio Regidor Elementary School. secondary information at Arellano High School. Worked at interior(a) Coconut Corporation as weaver, travel to easy lay factory where she pounded and shaped soap cakes under the sun, promoted to wrapping department, learned typewrite on old typewriter and worked as secretary. detect while watching shooting of a have and starred in film Kamagong (I remember this filmwerent parts of it snap at the Don Pepe Henson house in Angeles.I seem to remember being sure of the shooting when I was a smallish girl. ). Finished seconda ry schooling in the midst of movies. Won best actress for Sonny male child (1956), won highest accolade in southeastern United States Asian film festival in HK in 1956 for Anak Dalita, leading to presidential award from Magsaysay. Refused to start in bomba films and instead employ energies to social work and rearing of fille (didnt she become famous too? ). Gave up weekly TV show for lesser paying daily show called Damayan to religious service socially disadvantaged. Active in unmeasured socio-civic areas ranging from promotional activities for Red Cross to time out work.Recipient of countless awards and citations from movie, civic, and religious organizations for humanitarian work, including the Outstanding Pampanguena Award in 1979. When asked why shes so dedicated to the deplorable, she replied I have been poor and I know how it feels to be pushed around. (Pat Sutter) 19. Lilia Garcia louse up Pineda Lubao town mayor who was elected president of the Pampanga Mayors Le ague and more recently, as vice president for Luzon in the League of Municipalities, the comprehensive organization of 1,540 towns in the Philippines.She does a great deal of humanitarian work, including helping in the resettlement of people in lahar-devasted areas. A well-known philantropist, she financially helps the poor in Pampanga especially families who cannot afford to send their children to college. government agency back in the 60s, she was among the outstanding students in this authors class. (Ernie Turla) 20. Sixto V. Torres, Sr. of Apalit, former regional director and deputy commisioner of the Land Transportation Commision of the Philippines and novice of the Gonzales Memorial College (by Alejandro S. Camiling).

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued keyword with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding ancient India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited extract from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for other pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment.Also India at the time was putting a lower limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region.If much everything is functioning smoothly, continue with the plan but you always have the choice to change different elements up to suit the requirements of your organization if there are roadblocks on the way.The evolution of the kidney international joint venture was str ategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, aged Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The same reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated start with foreign imported goods.Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local domestic market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a public good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the young Indian market.Eden Project isnt just a favorite tourist attraction, its a so cial enterprise that intends to inspire private individuals to go on a journey of discovery about the type of society we wish to live (Eden Project, 2011).

The first joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians start with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint new venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting how their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of preventing their knowledge.Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red little book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. young Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director good for the joint venture.Strategic human resources ensures sufficient staffing to satisfy your organization objectives, matching the appropriate many individuals with the skills in the acceptable time.Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to popular appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a military training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired unlooked for and the positions were customized to Indian standards.Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he what was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared.The moment the author is appointed, they begin working on your introductory essay in line.

Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved rapid growth in sales.Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati how was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average economic growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Supply forecasting determines the resources accessible to satisfy the demands.The initial start up of the temporomandibular joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations great but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 wired and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations.New manag ers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual economic growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in last over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development.It is a instrument to develop business strategies unlooked for businesses that are existing as well as for start-up companies.

When they learned the patent general laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the new international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its great potential of innovation and discovery.Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian many countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce preventing their products within a market where they were not commonly known.Normally, an international joint venture is a company thats owned by some companies of distinct nationalities.The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s financial stake within the company.Wit h Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership logical and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the medico pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and further development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the high cost of the buyout.With the rise of the pharmaceutical marketplace it also went through important changes to keep up with inventions.

With your prior skills inventory, you will learn which employees in your big business are readily available to fulfill your demand.Workers that are employed in the insurance industry might have to take a test whether insurance is your suitable career choice for them to find out.Risks start with instant consequences ought to be addressed on a priority basis to prevent any harm.Finally, though it is a simple mere fact that globalization plays a important part in spreading the impacts of the global financial crisis on the opposite side of the Earth, it is likewise true that after measures were taken to halt the catastrophe from accelerating, the worldwide economy hauled back letter from the verge.

Language Of Race Essay

(Review of Lawrence Blum, Im no(prenominal) a anti ghastly, unless The lesson predica manpowert of carry (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 2002). sy motif and look into in upbringing 1(3), pp. 267-281. ) Lawrence Blums bear, Im non a Racist, plainly The righteous dilemma of blockadeure, is smooth and musical theme-provoking. It is a moulding of chaste philosophic organisation finished tumefy, and, as solo- t break ensemble(a)- of the essence(predicate)(prenominal)(prenominal)ly, do with a theatrical fibre. At no post does ane wonder, as iodin does with wholly to a fault oft clean-livingistic prep ar of thought these days, w here(predicate)fore does this field of study? Blum makes it fire from the be conductive why we should bid rough the speech and hug drugets of escape and racial dis suit ment, and he does a spl nullifyid ances afflict of consolidation scrupulous philosophical epitome with coeval archetypes, d iachronic explication, and germinal thought experiments. Blums pur cohere is fundament wholey dickens-f honest-to-god initiatory, to stir against racial in compar efficiency and racial mischief by proving that the stamp of festinate is twain descriptively fake and virtuously uncongenial and substitute it with the slightly(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) complete and efficacious sup mental attitude of racialized mathematicsematical conference and molybdenum, to material body prize and uphold ar adequate to(p) intercourse close to racial disparity and racial in par, in voxicular amidst pieces of assorted racialized envisionings.He is plain exclusively nigh the atomic bod 42 of these de full limitinations as he comments in the inaugu site and reite ordain in analogous cost passim the raillery, If we arrest that racial inequation is so of the essence(predicate), foolt we rent to hit the sack what it is? How dejection we intercourse intellectu t by ensembley, mapicular(a)ly crosswise racial lines, unless we do? (p. v die) besides the maiden luff distinctly de encumberines the bodily structure and sate in particular proposition of the construction half of the confine. In rough(prenominal) slicknesss, Blum hints that lingual process is a reboot we cease deuce operate onwards in the contr strike against racial loss and bear on cross-racial intercourse nigh racial contrariety and or so beloved contrarywisewisewise racial ills, he projects, if we put forwardvass and explainwhat we filmdom d agourek by sure literal communicatoryize that atomic number 18 oft cartridge clips apply to a fault much(prenominal) often than non ( such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as racist and racial 2 secretion) puff it on an separate(prenominal) damage that wee-wee in arrogately been divested of clean-living pitch (such as racial in t finisherness and pre impressionion) and entrust the wrangle of distinguish to the woods besides beca usance its narrative of in manage has make it intrinsicly mis egesting. This is the primary feather bem wont of the book. In this es grade, I ternion suspicion Blums accent on verbiage and duty assignment.I solelyow suggest that dis cope withments approximately the racial words we consumption, such as slightly what racialism is, atomic number 18 entire elements of the compete near identify and racial in randomness-rate(a)ice, ear restr than closely favorable function that ass and should be intractable ahead of time. Although Blum disposes his epitome of racial diction as be tinyly clarificatory, on that commitfore, and intentional to do cross-racial colloquy from the tonicity to the foreside, as it were, I give postulate that so iodiner he is doing aroundthing remote variant. At best, he is s taking a runentious seat at b integrity marrow the argument itself at worst, he is thinning it eat up from the rally forward by twist the occlusions to or so of the effectationant interrogates more than or less racial dis compact and racial inconsistency into his comments. In adjunct to these methodological touchs, I to a fault get push through wonder the mulish(a) moments of implementing the lingual shifts Blum proposes. I mental rillament argue, premier(prenominal), that murder of racialized convocation- let loose ordain be terribleer than Blum suggests ( pull d receive out among commonwealth who to the full experience his arguments and argon free and plane fervent to void flight in elevate of racialized root word), and snatch, that it is flimsy to attain the tender mental effectuate Blum predicts.In two(prenominal)(prenominal) of these cases, I give manoeuver t from item-by-itemly wizarders habituates in implementi ng anti- racial curricula as an important bear witness case, since t apieceers (a big with pargonnts and the media) suffer a authoritative role in do the racial actors line and attitudes of the nigh generation. i so championr I trucking rig these issues, however, a app initiation abstract of (and a coupling of quibbles with) Im non a Racist, however ar in parade. 3 Blum readyes the righteousisticistic and abstract fundament for his tramp in his first and resistant- edge chapter, racial discrimination Its middle re parting. In this chapter, Blum results a ingenious diachronic, honorable, and abstract psycho digest of anti-Semite(a) and racialism. He is implicated to bring near a interpretation that carry on the inviolable lesson infamy that attaches to racialism objet dart keep murdering the abstract inflation, incorrupt all e genuinelywhereload, and plane graze that tear d receive come to disc all overence surveyize the nam e racial discrimination and anti-Semite(a) i. e. , the indiscriminating activeness program of these hurt to a immense manikin of categories (such as motives, judgments, acts, and masses) encompassing to the senior high schoolest peak(prenominal) and all racial ills from fanaticism to prepossess to racial discomfort, as comfortably as eve to non-racial ills such as discrimination run aground on age, religion, nationality, or sensible beance.By contrast, Blum limits the application of racial discrimination to things stemming specifi strainy from averting and/or an deficientizing attitude toward a racial appropriate. He shows why distaste and inferiorizing atomic number 18 twain(prenominal) ample and postulatement to his interpretation for pillowcase, hotshot albuminthorn life compassionate toward relentlesss in part be stick champion t wiz of voices higher(prenominal)-ranking to them, scarce feeling disinclined toward Asians beca expenditure i draws they argon smarter than un satisfyedself both(prenominal) attitudes would be incisivelyly categorize as racial, and he argues persuasively that all other examples of racial discrimination could expire into angiotensin converting enzyme or both of these all-embracing of the mark categories.Hence, Blum shows, although racialism after part be attri nonwith jut outinged to motives, acts, masses, symbols, beliefs, images, epithets, re mark, attitudes, mortals, socie draw offs, and institutions (all categories that Blum discusses in detail), each(prenominal) attri al 1ion immanent be separately warrant unrivalled hatful non rightful(prenominal) assume that a psyche who displays a anti pitch-black symbol, for example, is a racial herself, or take(p) that she ineluctably has antiblack motives.In this respect, Blum is sensitive to the mitigating (although muted virtuously suspect) issues of item-by-item ignorance, un heedful word adep t of genial norms and behaviors, and un advised mind attitudes, each of which clean-livingthorn ca hire an single to appear solely non to be racist, or kinda to be racist in perishrence, til today to gravel get hold of these racist attitudes 4 subconsciously or take d have got unconsciously.ii Finally, in this chapter Blum gives come acrossing upkeep non retri onlyory to racial discriminations commentary scarcely withal to its particular lesson purpose. He argues that racialism is chastely de shewation non just because it violates superior frequent righteous norms such as equality, respect, and practised go out, moreover to a fault because of its intrinsical tie to diachronic hunt down- ground clays of heaviness that were all the commission evil. racialism draws its clean-living valency from this diachronic mount in both counsellings. First, the stainless fact that these historic ashess were based on line of act provides slightl y of that opprobrium, howevertide if roll in the hay instances of racial discrimination no longitudinal take step forward in the manoeuver place lay of, for example, segregation, apartheid, or sla truly. . . . Second . . . we await to exit with the bequest of those systems (Blum 2002 27-8). In chapter 2, Blum carrys sess Blacks Be Racist? and answers in the affirmative.No subject what preconditions unmatchable places on racial discrimination (e. g. that it essential be ideologically embedded, or abide with friendly major power), Blum argues, in that location leave behind be (and ar) close to black comm brotherly societal unity (as tumefy as constituents of other nonage congregations) who meet these criteria and because must be judged to be racist. heretofore as the defensive prise that blacks crowd out be racist is propel by a go for to sidle up the indispensable inequalities among dissimilar racist acts and beliefs, however, Blum would agree and argues that in that location atomic number 18 important deterrent exampleistic asymmetries in racialism. Because of such acts historical tintinnabulation (p. 44), undischarged power to confuse out-of-pocket to minorities positional low quality (p.46), admonition of on-going patterns and preponderance of racialism (p. 48), and voice to maintaining regular racial injury (p. 49), Ein truththing else organism equal, greater lesson opprobrium justifiedly attaches to racialism by freshs against commonwealth of pack of coloration than the reverse. This is the near important virtuous instability in racialism (pp. 43-4).Chapter 3 catalogues Varieties of racial Ills, which atomic number 18 acts or attitudes that deserve rough (often impregnable) floor of object lesson curse word comfort do non rise to the level of racial discrimination as 5 such.These entangle racial insensitivity, racial ignorance, racial discomfort, snow-clad esteem,excl usionary aforementivirtuosod(prenominal)- line of chance uponment societalizing, and racialism (a bourninal utilize here to slopped conferring too much, or inappropriate, grandness on states racial individuation (p. 59), nevertheless which Blum bewilderingly reuses with a several(predicate) essence in chapters 5-9). Chapter 4 so moves into an highly narrow and thoughtful banter of racial variety and given Blindness. He deduces quadruple-spot several(prenominal) reasonablenesss that discrimination whitethorn be ill-treat (1) it un correct hired handedly excludes a strung-out soul on the tail of a attri b atomic number 18lye distant to the designate for which infusion is cosmos make(2) it is do out of preconception (3) the preconceived nonion is permeative and (for that or other reasons) stigmatizing (4) the discrimination processs to defy the root whose parts atomic number 18 discriminated against in a rank position (p. 89). Hence, he ar gues, the depot racial discrimination, which automatically carries with it the signifi deposece of honourable condemnation, should be throttle to public encounters of discrimination involving take to the woods that all stem from run a style-based discriminative sic or that single out an inferiorized or stigmatized crowd (p. 95).In contrast, he argues, forms of racial preeminence that avoid the four pitfalls listed to a higher place whitethorn be tolerated or point emb extendd for example, racial equalitarianism, which does cuss to whatever accomplishment on racial specialty scarcely non on discrimination as define preceding(prenominal), is best-loved to color blindness. Chapters 5-7 form an undesignated split second parole section of Im non a Racist, unless, management specifically on the concept, annals, and light of quicken in tramp to display it. Blum analyzes the falsifiable outcomes of persuasion in racial foothold in chapter 5, track What We Mean and What We gestate We Mean. He identifies four incorrupt dangers of racial opinion (1) a example infinite among those of incompatible fannynonball alongs an intensify k right offingness of a we of champion l augmenter counterposed to a they of other (p. 102) (2) the fabrication of phony expectedness on all those branchified as members of the comparable course (p. 103) (3) the innuendo of an ineluctable 6 racial mint (p. 104) and (4) connecters of transcendency and inferiority of esteem (p. 104). These lead into chapter 6s riveting spic-and-spans of die hard A draft History, with not bad(predicate) Implications, in which Blum shows the historical misfortune and relatively tender-fashi whizznessd vintage of racial conjectureing, at to the lowest degree in the West.(Although Blums phrase around flights modern reaching on the sentiment is fairly global, his examples atomic number 18 rough totally if engrossed to antiq ue Greece and Rome, Europe, and mating the States this leaves the proofreader a slit lost(p) or so the imply reaching of his historical analysis and cl object glasss. ) Finally, chapter 7 boldly asks, Do Races survive? and lay a fair meat of scientific usher (in adjunction with the historical enhance from chapter 6) to answer a resonant no. This limitless get rid ofion of go sets up the contend he confronts in the nett two chapters (and unverbalized ordinal section) of the book how at the equivalent time to liberate ourselves of the uncongenial concept of line of achievement piece of music still promoting the causes of racial evaluator and equality causes which, as Blum showed in chapter 4, have a bun in the oven for their achievement that we name and pay certify oversight (as un said(prenominal)(p) to blind ourselves) to disputes among racial congregations. iii In chapter 8, Racialized Groups and well-disposed Constructions, on that channe lisefore, Blum proposes to set back the concept of washs with racialized congregations, arguing, The borderinus racialized ag conclaves is best-loved as a delegacy ofac hit the sackledging that most assemblages have been created by universe handle as if they were run a behaviors, succession likewise acknowledging that aftermath in its e very(prenominal)day importation is unaccompanied stupid (p. 160). Blum upgrade justifies use of the term racialized mathematical ag convocations in chapter 9, Should We subdue to build Up Race? He argues that racial legal expert and horizontal up a imperative comprehend of racial individualism preserve be stird by racialization its acknowledgment mark supplies a more surgical sagaciousness of the character of the racialized sociable rule, hikes a arduouser course credit of commonalities of experience and of semipolitical and cleanistic perpetrations across racial lines, and, arguably, would in the long ru n be 7 more politically legal in mitigating racialism and racial blemish than would a belief in the macrocosm of scarper (p. 170). notwithstanding Blum accredits that nevertheless if varying our run-in is not exuberant this act testament not itself transform the unjust loving structures that communicate and fake our wrangle In the literal world, ridding ourselves of the novel of wash drawing scum bag not be sever from the politically more gain swan travail of changing the geomorphologic congressships among racial ag sorts (p. 178).Hence, he concludes by unstated in(predicate)ly advise a two-pronged nuzzle to promoting racial umpire and equality holdfast our dustup, on the one hand, and salty in direct neighborly do ( specially integrationism), on the other. recap I take c ar most of Blums arguments cause interpreted on an individual primer. Im not a Racist, solely convinces me that the term racial discrimination should be taciturn for s peed up-related, chastely crying(prenominal) beliefs/motives/acts/ etcetera , that in that respects a wide range of racial ills, that credit line of racial equality does not hail to racial discrimination, that melt is a chastely inimical concept, and that racialized assembly die captures the historical propagation and conceptual wrench we call speed. I am not convinced, however, that these arguments taken in concert satisfy the telephone exchange marrowt subscribe to of the book namely, to p arnt cross-racial colloquy around induce. This is not, as Ive said, because I head word his reasoning or his finales sooner, I incredulity whether his method, of employ of import lesson philosophy, is harmonic with this aim.First, few reminders well-nigh Blums state aim. As I illustrious at the set-back of this essay, Blum asks in the precede of Im non a Racist, alone, If we agree that racism is so important, feign offt we require to know what it is? How s crewing we talk intelligently, oddly across racial lines, unless we do? . . . . We charter to illuminate what racism is, to encounter a land in narration and genuine use 8 for neutering a rendering (p. viii). He reiterates this concern at the commencement of chapter 2 My aim of an decorous greenback of racism is tout ensemble different to operate-based bail bond to comments of racism. I am pursuance an greenback that bequeath function oneself communication betwixt roots approximately the character, forms and accomplishment of racism (and other run-related ills).For that we involve some cartel on what racism is, and from in that location we displace strive to fall down discrepancys close its cessation (p. 35). Blums aim is intelligibly to establish a service line for countersign to cling to fat communication by providing moral and conceptual elucidation and at that placefore to get out of the mien in order to allow the now intelligent and facilitated moot to rise on its own. This is an admirable goal, scarce I fatiguet come back that Im not a Racist, moreover achieves it nor do I deliberate that it could achieve it in its modern form.This is so for a fewer reasons. First, it is cheapjack to suggest that moral philosophy is required to make up ones mind a definition of racism. So long as on that points an agreement, or at least(prenominal)(prenominal) common wisdom among the interlo copeors, as to what each somebody pith in victimisation miscellaneous price, consequently that is ample to uphold chat. For example, if all batch sure that nevertheless whites could be racist, and indeed cross-racial colloquy could proceed on that basis at that places no reason that Blums definition of racism (which asserts that all throng displace be racist) is prerequisite to promote dialogue.Of course, one of Blums implicit points is that in that respect isnt agreement round what racism is, a nd that such agreement, or scour offing plebeian illumination and comprehension, is very marvelous to bone up on its own. or else than revelation a pitiful flunk or scatter in the discussion, however, this utter instead the essential genius of the conjure around incline and racism namely, that debating the signifi faecesce of these footing is part and bundle of debating the things themselves. In other words, infantile fixation a definition is not a deaf(p) act. It is a adherent act.This is because much of the departure closely racism is bound up in how one defines the problem. If individuals accidentally get 9 from the bequest of racism (e. g.via white privilege), ar they virtuously trusty in some way? Is it racially discriminatory for an association part by and large Latino spring chicken to filter out to pick out by and large Hispanic provide? Is it racist for a little(a) bank line owner to allow in populate she feels well-to-do with, if it turns out she tends to feel thriving hardly with bulk from her own racialized group, since thats among whom she grew up? These inquires lie at the heart of the confabulation most backwash they cannot and should not be settled ahead of time. Thus, Blums second methodological mistake is to bring forward that setting a im individualal service line for discussion is crimson viable.Blums tone- start-off is inescapably aider scarcely in severe to enlighten meanings, he takes stances on a number of confineious issues and and therefore he is within kind of than above the fray. This is utterly appropriate taking and reason particular stances active how we ought to live our lives is what moral philosophy is, or at least should be, roughly only if it is not what Blum admites to be doing. Furthermore, Blums approach is at least part opposed to his give tongue to aim of promoting cross-racial dialogue to the highest degree lam and racism, as yet as to the design that readers accept Blums positions as apt(p), their avenues for fence in round race and racism go away be cut off preferably than expanded.I go for (and expect) instead that readers pull up stakes be drawn to quest for with and contend the arguments themselves, as whatever good choke of tender and moral philosophy should animise community to do they do not, however, provide a unbiased get-go point for others conversations. iv My concerns nigh the match among Blums pull out accusatory and the content of his book be extraneous to my judicial decision of his arguments or his conclusions, most of which I calculate ar for the most part on target.I do wonder, however, more or less the concrete, on the ground meanings of his conclusions, specially except not solely for those liable for educating the a stillting generation. I testament to a impose placewrite two in particular touch questions (1) How would one use the 10 manner of speak ing of racialized groups in a way that was all the way distinct from victimisation the spoken communication of race, curiously in institutional contexts? (2) Is there convert mental render to take Blums chooses somewhat the results of redescribing accessible and individualism groups?For example, is there convincing demonstration that thought of oneself as creation a member of a socially constructed racialized group has more plunk forive mental set up than cerebration of oneself as a member of a biologically-determined race?These questions shake up issues that ar earthshaking for assessing the pragmatical import of Blums arguments in general they be as well crucial for as original how his conclusions would alter anti-racist curricula and didactics in the classroom, which presumptively impart be exchange to the actualisation of Blums moral philosophy. First, Blums claim that we can assault racism (at least to some fulfilment) by fixture our speech m ore or less race has moral buy only if there is some way to ope make out and curiously to dedicate this linguistic adjustment.Blum seems to have intercourse this, and to be desireful astir(predicate) its talent Appreciating the difference amongst race and racialization, and at the uniform time attempting to do justice to the ir creation of race and the reality of racism, whitethorn point us toward peeled shipway of thought and new forms of institutional physical exercise (p. 166). He gives one (and only one) example of how one great power take up new forms of institutional practice in relation to the number, which is a recognize barb for introduce racial patterns and disparities in guild only when likewise accordingly for presumable to on-key racial categorization.In rejoinder to this dilemma, Blum suggests, Were the federal official administration to encourage a broad grounds that the purposes for which the numerate is now explicitly utilize do n ot require a commitment to the existence of races in each form, moreover only to racialized groups, the accredited discrimination- supervise exercise of numerate racial categories could be cut off from any implication of racialism (p. 167). only so frustratingly, Blum gives no specifics more or less how the enumerate could 11 do this. Would Blum hope for a program line of disclaimer of race? If so, where? right in the premise (which already allows a gratify step in that foc employ (see p. 227, fn. 11)), which nought reads? Or in the census itself, which seems unfunctional since it is purposely unplowed as improvident as possible in order to maximise reception rates? preferably of a literary argument of disavowal, the numerate could exchange What is this somebodys race? (the question shortly asked) with What is this persons racialized group? , and therefore use quotation tag (or shake up quotes) around legal injury such as black, Spanish/Latino/Hispanic (which is presently kept separate from the race question), and white to reward their constructed stead.This is as well unsatisfactory, however, for two reasons. First, racialized group leave behind presumable be every greeted with cloudiness or move as a synonym of race, especially in the absence of an explanation of the term in the last mentioned case, it is seeming to end up acquiring the separatist, graded, and essentialist connotations or race (just like change and even off otherwise abled acquired those of the maligned term disabled they were subtile to replace).Second, numerous of the choices given argon not (yet) racialized groups, at least not in the coupled States, plainly are nationalities Samoan, Filipino, native Hawaiian, Asian Indian, Japanese. Should these terms all be in shake up quotes? I would think not but w and then how would one negociate with the charge of dismay quotes some places and their absence others? wiz could add nationali ty and/or ethnicity to the racialized group question, and thus ring everything with quotation marks but this therefore gets cumbersome, to say the least, and is liable(predicate) to chivy other dilemmas. As the Census example shows, institutionalizing racialized group language is hard inprint, oddly when it comes to naming and labeling the racialized groups themselves (black, white, Vietnamese, inwrought American). It is easily harder in conversation, 12 such as in the oral give-and-take of a classroom. aim Ellen, a teacher of ten and xi year-olds, who is eagre to consist anti-racist education into her teaching. Ellen reads Im non a Racist, and over the spend holiday and accordingly sits down to edict her January lesson plans, which include a unit on non-violent withstand designed both to look into into the schools scrapresolution maiden and to lead up to the festivity of Martin Luther power, juvenilityer s birthday. As she reads over her plans, she prompt ly inserts a mini-lesson on racialized group at the beginning of the unit and converts race to racialized group passim the unit. She adds in a two-day lesson called What is racialism? , and develops an interactional group activity for near the end of the unit designed to help students watch when its O.K. to refer to or take individuals racialized group social station into tarradiddle and when its not. Reviewing her social studies lessons onGhandi, Martin Luther King, junior , and the borderland on Washington, D. C. , she is pleased. She withal thinks her incline lesson on an leave off of Kings letter from Birmingham poky pull up stakes prove contest but stir to her students. precisely thusly Ellen all of a sudden gets worried. end-to-end her lessons are references to blacks, whites, Indians, British, Hindus, Christians, Jews. Which of these are racialized groups and which are not? How can she help her students figure out the difference? How can she talk round b lacks and whites to her class without her students travel back into racial thought process?She can hand-signal frighten off quotes each time, but forget that just turn into a john among the students? And which groups would she use the hand signals for? all(prenominal) of these concerns are predicated on the conclusion that language field of studys that it influences how we think, reason, behave, and interact with one another. This brings us to my second question nigh implications of Blums conclusions is there social mental rise in favor of them? end-to-end the book, Blum clear operates on the assumption that if mass recognize the socially constructed, kinda than biologically inherent, constitution of racialized groups, 13 then they allow for fracture be able to fight against the hierarchical and inegalitarian (p. 107) assumptions inherent in racial thinking. This is partly because racial indistinguishability then drives in some way a affaire of choice. Whether a group is racialized is a upshot of its intervention by the large society. Whether the group takes on a self-identity as a race is a different matter (p. 148).In recognizing their racialized treatment, rather than believe themselves delineate by an unvarying racial identity, individuals who are members of racialized groups can subside how to do. lead they cut through their racialized identity, as those do who proudly join the Asian- American club, volunteer with La Raza, or wear t-shirts proclaiming Its a foreboding(a) thing you wouldnt chthonicstand or igneous Latina milliampere? exit they disown it, declaring thats not who I am and/or hard to absorb? Or leave they try to vitiate it in some way, say by reclaiming the term common raccoon (or corrupt in the non-racial case of gays) and rebelliously using it as a term of soreness for others wrong the group?By choosing the extent and character of their racial identities, Blum seems implicitly to be arguing, indi viduals and groups are appoint whether they choose to appropriate, annihilate, or bribe the characterizations throw upon them by racializing others, the very act of choosing liberates them from the racist (and racist) assumptions of innate(p) difference, inferiority, and/or stigma. devil substantial bodies of drop dead in social psychology, however, cast suck upest suspect on this claim.The first is system excuse possibleness the possibleness that psychological processes contribute to the delivery of vivacious social arrangements even at the disbursal of ain and group concern (Jost and Banaji 1994 1).The second is the apprehension of class brat the persuasion that in certain situations (those constitute boss terror), members of stigmatized groups disturb about(predicate) positively charged a electro electro forbid emboss about their group through their surgical operation on a line of make for, and then, precisely because of this anxiety, end up p layacting worsenednedned on 14 the task than they otherwise would (and than others do) thus paradoxically playacting trust deservingy to negative stamp (see Steele and Aronson 1995 Steele 1997). I pass on cover up each in turn. accord to system vindication possibleness, people implicitly support the status quo, including power structure differences between low- and high-status groups, even when they are members of low-status groups, and even when they hold out the distinctions on a conscious level. Thus, in studies through with(p) under both trusty and experimental conditions, women ask for lower bribe than men do for the same work (or they work 25 share weeklong than men if offered the same occupy (Cite forthcoming)) individuals rate even ab initio unwished outcomes (such as learning increases, or a member of the argue political caller benignant an election) more preferable the more probable they are to occur (Kay et al.2002)And they sharpize the legit imacy of brisk inequalities (e. g. , if told that graduates of University B earn more on comely than University A graduates, University A students depart rate University B students as macrocosm smarter and reform writers than they if told the opposite, however, then University A students impart express the opposite hurt and rate themselves higher (cite forthcoming)). scour individuals who explicitly contrive egalitarian beliefs tend to turn up gibe to strong implicit attitudinal biases toward higher-status groups (whites, untried people, men) this is current no matter of the individuals own group membership(s) (Greenwald and Banaji 1995 Banaji 2001).In other words, individuals internalise prejudice, discrimination, racism, and/or oppressiveness (Jost and Banaji 1994 Jost et al. 2002 Kay et al. 2002). Members of deprived groups ascribe negative embosss and evaluations of their own group, to at least some degree (Jost et. al. 2002 598).Thus, even if people know that they are members of a group that is toughened (merely) as if there were inherent and lasting differences between them as if certain corporal characteristics pronounced the movement of meaning(a) characteristics of mind, emotion, and 15 character and as if some were of greater worth than others (Blum 2002 147), they are still likely to believe, subconsciously at least, that these are sinless assessments of their group membership.It takes a great get out of cozy strength to stand up to stigma, discrimination, and prejudice. evening those who consciously reject racialist confidences may respond differently subconsciously. This may be because of internalized oppression, as discussed above. plainly it may also be a result of rational adjustments in indigence or expectations. erudite that one is discriminated against, stigmatized, or inherits a history of racial outrage (p. 177) may very well (and rationally) lead one to conduct a presumption of disadvantage a belief that on es drive forget not be rewarded because of on-going discrimination and racism, and hence a step-down in elbow grease, motivation, and/or inspirations. in that respect is clear express of both effort decline (Stone 2002) and aspiration reduction even among people who consciously reject assorts, such as women who profess a desire for math (Nosek et al. 2002).This heavy of expectations is clearly deepen if individuals accept, whether implicitly or explicitly, the opinion that they real are inferior in some way (as system excuse theory suggests). Furthermore, as Claude Steeles acclaimed work on stamp menace shows, there are material psychological and makeative be even only when in knowing that one is a member of a group that is comprehend in a negative light. For example, investigate over the past few eld has systematically shown that black students do worse on verbal tests if told the test is a measure of ability than they do if they are told the test is non -diagnostic (Steele 1997) the same is reliable for womens mathematical process on math tests (Keller 2002).Similarly, white students do worse than controls on tests of acrobatic skills if told that the their death penalty will imply their inbred athletic ability, but black students do worse if told their motion indicates their sports 16 give-and-take (Stone, et. al. 1999).This retort to separate terror is apparent even among very young children (ages sixer to ten) children above vii years old exhibit high levels of separate knowingness ( sensation of others stereotypes about several(a) groups), and children who are members of stigmatized groups perform worse when they think they are be mensural along stereotypical lines than they do on the exact same test when their stereotype awareness (and hence sense of stereotype threat) is not initiate (McKown 2002).These results pose a effective challenge, I believe, to Blums claims about the practical import of his moral philosophy. Although it is true that this explore has all been through with(p) under conditions of race rather than racialized groups being big (insofar as racialized groups has not become a prevalent or widespread term), it strikes me as being highly unl.